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Since quartz is very strong, the gas pressure can be higher, [14] which reduces the rate of evaporation of the filament, permitting it to run a higher temperature (and so luminous efficacy) for the same average life.

The small size of halogen lamps permits their use in compact optical systems for projectors and illumination. At moderate temperatures the halogen reacts with the evaporating tungsten, the halide formed being moved around in the inert gas filling. A carbon filament lamp using chlorine to prevent darkening of the envelope was patented [2] in 1882, and chlorine-filled "NoVak" lamps were marketed in 1892. This allows the filament to operate at a higher temperature than a standard incandescent lamp of similar power and operating life; this also produces light with higher luminous efficacy and color temperature.In ordinary incandescent lamps, evaporated tungsten mostly deposits onto the inner surface of the bulb, causing the bulb to blacken and the filament to grow increasingly weak until it eventually breaks.

The presence of the halogen, however, sets up a reversible chemical reaction cycle with this evaporated tungsten.The use of iodine was proposed in a 1933 patent, [4] which also described the cyclic redeposition of tungsten back onto the filament. Tungsten halogen lamps behave in a similar manner to other incandescent lamps when run on a different voltage. of multifaceted reflector "MR" lamps of 20–50 watts were originally conceived for the projection of 8 mm film, but are now widely used for display lighting and in the home.

Standard and halogen incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than LED and compact fluorescent lamps, and therefore have been or are being phased out in many places. At some point, however, it will reach higher temperature regions within the bulb where it then dissociates, releasing tungsten back onto the filament and freeing the halogen to repeat the process. The production and importation of directional mains-voltage halogen bulbs was banned on 1 September 2016 and non-directional halogen bulbs followed on 1 September 2018. The combination of the halogen gas and the tungsten filament produces a halogen-cycle chemical reaction, which redeposits evaporated tungsten on the filament, increasing its life and maintaining the clarity of the envelope. However the light output is reported as proportional to V 3 {\displaystyle VIncandescent lamp variety A halogen lamp operating in its fitting with the protecting glass removed A halogen lamp behind a round UV filter. The bulb must be made of fused silica (quartz) or a high-melting-point glass (such as aluminosilicate glass). The first lamps used only tungsten for filament supports, but some designs use molybdenum – an example being the molybdenum shield in the H4 twin filament headlight for the European Asymmetric Passing Beam. Halogen lamps made for 12 to 24 volt operation have good light outputs, and the very compact filaments are particularly beneficial for optical control (see picture). The tungsten released in hotter regions does not generally redeposit where it came from, so the hotter parts of the filament eventually thin out and fail.

Regeneration of the filament is also possible with fluorine, but its chemical reactivity is so great that other parts of the lamp are attacked. More recently, wider beam versions have become available designed for direct use on supply voltages of 120 or 230 V. A 300 watt tubular halogen bulb operated at full power quickly reaches a temperature of about 540°C (1,004°F), while a 500 watt regular incandescent bulb operates at only 180°C (356°F) and a 75 watt regular incandescent at only 130°C (266°F). Australia banned some halogen light bulbs above 10W from September 2021,replaced by eco halogen, [7] Later than the planned date of September 2020 [8] to keep the policy in line with the European Union. For a fixed power and life, the luminous efficacy of all incandescent lamps is greatest at a particular design voltage.In June 2021, the UK government also announced plans to end the sale of halogen light bulbs from September, as part of the UK's wider efforts to tackle climate change. Quartz iodine lamps, using elemental iodine, were the first commercial halogen lamps launched by GE in 1959.